The UK is currently seeing an increase in respiratory illnesses, with a noticeable rise in both flu and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cases. While both illnesses share some overlapping symptoms, experts emphasize the importance of distinguishing between them for effective management and care. So, how can you tell the difference between flu and HMPV?
What Is HMPV?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) might not be a household name, but it’s not new. This virus was first identified in the Netherlands in 2001 and has been circulating globally ever since. Most people encounter HMPV at least once in their lives, often during childhood.
HMPV typically causes mild upper respiratory tract infections with symptoms such as:
- Coughing
- Runny nose
- Sore throat
- Fever
For healthy individuals, it’s no worse than a common cold. However, for certain groups, it can lead to more severe illnesses like bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and even pneumonia. These high-risk groups include:
- Children under the age of two
- Older adults
- Individuals with weakened immune systems
Despite these potential complications, most cases resolve without medical intervention. Dr. Conall Watson, a consultant epidemiologist at the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), reassures the public that HMPV is nothing to panic about. “Most people have had HMPV by the time they are five years old and catch it again throughout their lives,” says Dr. Watson.
What Are the Symptoms of the Flu?
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is a well-known respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. Unlike HMPV, flu symptoms tend to be more intense and affect the entire body.
Typical flu symptoms include:
- High fever
- Chills
- Headaches
- Muscle aches and joint pain
- Fatigue and weakness
- Dry cough
- Gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting or diarrhea (more common in children)
As Professor Ron Eccles explains, “The flu feels worse because the symptoms affect the whole body and are not restricted to the upper airways.” In contrast, HMPV primarily impacts the respiratory system and does not usually lead to systemic symptoms like muscle aches or severe fatigue.
How to Tell the Difference Between Flu and HMPV
At first glance, it’s easy to confuse flu and HMPV because both share overlapping symptoms, such as cough, fever, and nasal congestion. However, subtle differences can help you differentiate the two:
- Symptom Severity
- HMPV: Symptoms are typically mild and localized to the upper respiratory system (runny nose, sore throat, and cough).
- Flu: Symptoms are more severe and systemic, often accompanied by body aches, chills, and extreme fatigue.
- Duration
- HMPV: Symptoms often last for about 3–7 days.
- Flu: Symptoms can persist longer, especially in severe cases, and may lead to complications like pneumonia.
- Gastrointestinal Issues
- HMPV: Rarely causes gastrointestinal symptoms.
- Flu: Vomiting and diarrhea are more commonly reported, particularly in children.
- High Fever and Chills
- HMPV: Fever, if present, is usually mild.
- Flu: High fever and chills are hallmark symptoms.
Why Is It Important to Distinguish Between the Two?
Understanding the difference between flu and HMPV isn’t just about curiosity—it’s essential for proper care and prevention. While both are viral illnesses, the management and risk factors differ.
- High-Risk Groups: Flu poses a significant risk for older adults, children, and people with pre-existing conditions. HMPV, though less severe, can also lead to complications in the same vulnerable groups.
- Treatment Options: Antiviral medications like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) are available for influenza, but there’s no specific treatment for HMPV beyond supportive care.
By identifying the illness correctly, you can avoid unnecessary treatments and focus on effective symptom management.
How to Prevent Flu and HMPV
The good news? Many preventive measures work for both illnesses. Here’s what you can do to reduce your risk:
- Practice Good Hygiene
Wash your hands regularly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Use hand sanitizer when soap isn’t available. Simple habits like not touching your face can go a long way in preventing infection. - Catch It, Bin It, Kill It
Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Dispose of tissues immediately and wash your hands to prevent spreading germs. - Stay Home When Sick
If you’re feeling unwell with symptoms of flu or HMPV, limit your contact with others—especially vulnerable individuals like babies, the elderly, or those with compromised immune systems. - Wear a Mask in Crowded Places
This is particularly important during the peak respiratory illness season, as it helps reduce the spread of viruses. - Vaccination
While there’s no vaccine for HMPV yet, getting your annual flu shot can significantly lower your chances of severe influenza.
What Experts Recommend
Dr. Watson suggests staying vigilant but not overly worried. “Our surveillance systems in GP surgeries and hospitals indicate that levels are in line with what we would expect to see,” he says. For mild symptoms, rest and over-the-counter medications can help alleviate discomfort. However, if symptoms worsen or if you belong to a high-risk group, seek medical advice promptly.
Professor Eccles advises paying close attention to your body’s signals. If you’re experiencing full-body aches, chills, and fatigue alongside respiratory symptoms, it’s likely the flu. On the other hand, mild respiratory symptoms with a slight fever may indicate HMPV.
Conclusion
While flu and HMPV can seem similar on the surface, knowing the subtle differences can help you take the right steps for recovery and prevention. Flu tends to hit harder and affects the whole body, while HMPV is generally milder and restricted to the upper respiratory tract.
The key to staying healthy lies in prevention—regular handwashing, avoiding close contact with others when sick, and staying up-to-date on flu vaccinations. Whether it’s the flu or HMPV, early care and vigilance are your best tools to keep these seasonal illnesses at bay. Stay informed, stay prepared, and remember: good hygiene is your first line of defense!
